The shift from traditional grids to new smart grids, and one of the major challenges that will face them, is the need for a good communications network to receive all user information in real time and control its load. To solve this problem, the most recognized and most reliable solution at present is the PLC (Power Line Carrier) technology that uses the power grid as the communication medium. This article introduces the PLC technology and its development history, and compares the traditional narrowband single-carrier FSK modulation scheme with the two new schemes based on OFDM PRIME and G3. The traditional grid is changing. In the past century, the grid was a system used to transmit power from a certain number of power stations to a large number of different levels of users. The standard for designing and operating grids is to transfer electricity from hundreds of power stations to millions of users in an effective way. The system's ability to store electrical energy is very limited, so how to predict the user's power consumption becomes crucial. The control of the power grid is based on daily forecasts, and the power is delivered by the power stations through the transmission network to the distribution network. Most of the power generation needs to be controlled by regulators. Now, in some countries and in more countries in the future, the contribution of green energy to the power grid will increase. Its share of the power grid has increased from 5% of its hydroelectric power generation to 40% of solar and wind power. In most of the green power, the regulators have little control to perform. In addition, electric vehicles have also joined the team of change. The large-scale promotion of electric vehicles will double the power consumption of the power grid and bring large-scale power storage capabilities on a large scale. The increase in electricity consumption, the promotion of green electricity, and the uncontrolled power generation and storage capacity of electric vehicles are considered to be the perfect storm for the power grid. This program is called a smart grid. It combines embedded smart technology with real-time communication and control capabilities to communicate with any user in real time and control their load. To realize such communication functions, it is necessary to adopt PLC technology that uses the power grid as the main communication medium. PLC technology was used in the medium voltage field as early as 20 years ago to control the power grid. However, the large-scale use of the PLC on the low-voltage side is only started sooner. A typical success story of PLC technology is that the Italian ENEL power supply company constructs an AMM (automatic meter management) system for 35 million users using a narrowband PLC system based on FSK and BPSK modulation. This system can automatically read 35 million electricity meters every 2 months. But its average baud rate is not enough to support more real-time communication and control, and future applications based on communication protocols such as IPv6. To implement more real-time communication and control, and future applications based on communication protocols such as IPv6, a new generation of PLC technology based on OFDM modulation is needed. Two of the major OFDM solutions are the current G3 and PRIME technologies. G3 is a program developed by France's EDF Power Company and developed by MAXIM and SAGEMCOM. This program was announced in 2009 and EDF plans to test 2,000 meters using G3 technology in 2013. PRIME is an open, multi-vendor solution launched by PRIME Alliance, which includes more than 30 members consisting of power supply companies, meter manufacturers and wafer suppliers such as ADD Semiconductor, FUJITSU, STM and TI. The watch factories include SAGEMCOM, ITRON, LANDIS+GYR, ISKRA-MECO, ZIV and SOGECAM. IBERDROLA was the first power company to promote this program, but now EDP, CEZMERENI and ITRI also joined the camp. IBERDROLA began installing 100,000 PRIME-powered meters in 2010. The power supply company also plans to release a new standard with a demand of 1 million meters by the end of 2010, and complete the installation of 10 million meters in Spain in the next 3-5 years. Other power supply companies have also started using PRIME technology. Both G3 and PRIME are OFDM solutions, but their development history is different. The G3 initially used a chip designed by MAXIM that provides IEEE802.15.42006 communication for the PHY layer and some existing software layers, 6LowPAN for the MAC layer, and IPv6 communication for the network layer. PRIME is a consortium formed by a power supply company, industry manufacturers, and university research institutes to jointly develop a product of a new open standard for OFDM power line technology. The alliance adopts a systematic design process for the PHY layer, starting from meeting the most basic requirements. The next step is to define the physical medium from such factors as noise level, noise rhythm, signal attenuation, and impedance mode. Industry manufacturers develop new automation products for these purposes and have cooperated with power supply companies for many times. This resulted in a large database containing elements such as noise levels, noise cadence, signal attenuation and impedance patterns, and an accurate statistical model for the grid.
Hot water pressure washer avilable in oil fired kerosene, oil fired diesel, liquid propane fired and natural gas fired configurations .
the machine can be adjustable pressure by yourself
ideal for sutomative,chemical,agricultural,contract cleaning, janitorial and industrial applications.
the heat water up to 190
hot water pressre washers clean the toughest mud,dirt,grease,maure and other grime more effectively than cold water models
Hot Water cleaning machine,hot water high pressure washer ,hot water pressure washer ZHEJIANG BOTUOLINI MECHANICAL CO.,LTD , https://www.botuopump.com